Estimate for a Million-Resident Moon City: ‘Even 1 Billion Tons of Water Would Run Out in 100 Years’ Sparks Reaction

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The story

In September 2023, Martin Elvis and colleagues at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory published an estimate in the journal Frontiers in Space Technologies suggesting that even assuming 1 billion tons of water exist at the Moon’s poles, a city of about 1 million people would exhaust that water in roughly 100 years. The figure assumes a water recycling rate of 98%, on par with the ISS; if the rate drops to 94%, the time to depletion shrinks to 40 years, and some observational data suggest the actual amount of water may be only about 1/30th of 1 billion tons. On the 5channel Science News+ board, discussion split between doubts about whether a million-person city is even necessary in the first place, and arguments that gravity and effects on the human body pose more serious problems than water.

You Can’t Build a Million-Person City on the Moon: What an Estimate Showing Depletion in 100 Years — Even With 1 Billion Tons of Water — Really Means

Key points of this article

What happened: Even assuming 1 billion tons of water exist at the Moon’s poles, building a lunar city of about 1 million people would deplete that water in roughly 100 years.

Source: xenospectrum.com / Read the original article here

What people said

2AnonymousSep 15, 2026 22:39
That's bad news.
Oxygen can be obtained almost inexhaustibly from lunar soil,
but who knew hydrogen would be the bottleneck.
3AnonymousSep 15, 2026 23:51
A million-person city isn't even necessary in the first place
— with robots doing the work, 10,000 people would be plenty.
4AnonymousSep 16, 2026 00:09
Re: #1
Where does that million-person figure even come from?
There aren't that many resources to be gained from advancing into the Moon or Mars anyway,
and it's unclear what economic structure would make it viable.
5AnonymousSep 16, 2026 00:24
That's disinformation from the Earth Federation Forces (a Gundam reference) —
don't believe it.
6AnonymousSep 16, 2026 00:38
I knew that without you telling me.
7AnonymousSep 16, 2026 01:57
If it's impossible without an environment where water can naturally cycle, doesn't that mean we could actually pinpoint where advanced alien civilizations are located?
8AnonymousSep 16, 2026 01:57
Traveling in hibernation is the most efficient method, but factoring in things like a damaged ship making it impossible to maintain hibernation, doesn't that confirm interstellar travel would require a considerable amount of water?
9AnonymousSep 16, 2026 01:59
If aliens with advanced science could actually be captured by our telescopes, then it's settled that something's off about how 'slim' (rare) UFO sightings are.
10AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:00
>>In September 2023, Martin Elvis and colleagues at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory gave one answer to this question: even under the most optimistic conditions, a city of 1 million people cannot be sustained on the Moon. The paper was published in the journal Frontiers in Space Technologies.
11AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:03
Re: #10 that's a typo in the anchor, just the number
Re: #10 even in this best-case paper, 100 years is the limit
Since even aliens with advanced science would have water problems, it's confirmed that if humans go out into space, they'd face the same conditions as on Earth.
13AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:08
Re: #12 If it's impossible to sustain a city even with a recycling system this advanced, then even if aliens with advanced science were near Earth, we should be able to pinpoint which planet they're on
*Even if aliens built structures hidden from human eyes, without water resources they'd have to either haul water frequently or bring it all at once with a large ship — which raises the risk of them being spotted by telescopes.
14AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:09
>>As the graph shows, if the recycling rate stays at the ISS's older 94% level, the time to depletion shrinks to 40 years. Unlike the ISS's compact modules, a lunar city would have far more ways for water to escape recovery — moisture absorbed into vast tracts of agricultural soil, condensation on the walls of huge living spaces, and so on. That means simply maintaining the ISS's 98% recycling rate across a large-scale city is already an extremely difficult precondition.
>>What makes the constraints even tighter is the 1-billion-ton assumption itself. More detailed recent orbital observation data suggest the actual amount of water may be as low as 34 million tons. Applying that more realistic figure — roughly 1/30th of the original estimate — means a million-person city's water would run out in just a few years. Rather than building a city, the resources would be exhausted in the early stages of construction.
15AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:11
Re: #14 Since relocation is already shown to be impossible, thinking in terms of Re: #1's worldview is basically anime logic — if someone's loudly claiming there's a base near Earth or a mothership out there, they'd come off as a crackpot.
17AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:14
Re: #16 Now that conditions beyond just water have come up, the list of planets where an advanced alien civilization's science alone could sustain life is narrowing down.
18AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:27
The human body can't adapt to space — humans are only meant to create AI robots and send them out into deep space.
19AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:27
Well, of course lol
If you actually built a million-person city, you'd have to keep firing off mass drivers nonstop just to keep it supplied.
20AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:49
There's no way a million people are going to relocate there — though it might end up as a penal colony for the worst criminals.
21AnonymousSep 16, 2026 02:55
I'm against space colonization myself
Reading the article the other way around, though — it's saying a village-scale settlement of about 1,000 people isn't impossible?
So if all 1,000 of those people met every single condition, it might eventually open the door to expanding further into space?
That's a horrifying thought.
30AnonymousSep 16, 2026 04:40
Re: #21
Because of the Sun's lifespan, we've only got about 300 million more years we can stay on Earth
we'll have to emigrate eventually.
23AnonymousSep 16, 2026 03:27
They set up dumb assumptions just to produce a dumb estimate.
25AnonymousSep 16, 2026 03:40
"If you just pack yourself into a cartridge, you can live on minimal resources."
26AnonymousSep 16, 2026 03:51
Within a planet's gravity well, there's no water (hydrogen) in the air, right?
Since water diffuses into the air, wouldn't buildings need to be sealed airtight?
28AnonymousSep 16, 2026 04:02
Venus has a huge amount of nitrogen, so if you harvested nitrogen from Venus and pumped it into the Moon,
you could bring the Moon's surface pressure up to 1 atmosphere.
Since lunar gravity is 1/6 G, the troposphere would end up around 60 km thick.
Once atmospheric pressure hits 1 atm, water could exist there too.
Oxygen could be made by electrolyzing the regolith, since it's silicon dioxide.

Venus doesn't have water, but Mars does — so melt Mars's ice, ship it to the Moon,
and just build an ocean there.
29AnonymousSep 16, 2026 04:29
Forget water, I think gravity is like a hundred times bigger a problem
I don't think kids could grow up normally in the Moon's low gravity
and it's a health issue for adults too
You could conceivably haul water in from asteroids or wherever, but there's nothing you can do about gravity
If you're going to generate artificial gravity via centrifugal force anyway, it'd be far easier to just do that in orbit instead of on the lunar surface.
31AnonymousSep 16, 2026 04:48
The only way is to advance AI and use robots adapted to space to do the colonizing
If we insist on flesh-and-blood humans, we could ship over just the genes after the initial development, or transmit the genetic data and synthesize it there.
34AnonymousSep 16, 2026 05:56
The Moon is envisioned as both a relay point and a resource base for colonizing Mars,
so an unsustainable lunar society hobbled by a hydrogen shortage is arguably within acceptable limits.
Eventually we'll probably start crashing ice comets and asteroids onto the far side of the Moon one after another to get water resources.

Back in middle school I read an old book from the library called 'The Blazing Ice Planet.'
Wouldn't it be great if a planet like that just slammed straight into the Moon?
35AnonymousSep 16, 2026 07:11
Wouldn't it be faster to just modify humans so they don't need water?
36AnonymousSep 16, 2026 07:31
Forget a million people — even a 100-person village is impossible.
Are these guys stupid or something?
37AnonymousSep 16, 2026 07:57
Just think about the sheer volume of mineral resources we've kept shipping —
Zeon can keep fighting for another 10 years. (Gundam reference)
38AnonymousSep 16, 2026 08:03
Basically the human body itself is just impractical.
It'd be more efficient to redesign it
into something suited for space.
40AnonymousSep 16, 2026 08:16
Does it even have to be humans living there?
Just send AI robots to do the settling.
41AnonymousSep 16, 2026 08:20
Building a lunar base that develops as a relay point for planetary exploration is a matter of decades to centuries.
Large-scale water supply from other celestial bodies to the Moon is more like centuries to millennia out.
So, for the short term at least, it might work out somehow.
42AnonymousSep 16, 2026 08:35
By 100 years from now, human workers won't even exist anymore anyway.

Background and key points of this discussion

This estimate is based on a paper published in 2023 by Martin Elvis and colleagues, and the constraints on lunar water resources themselves aren’t a new observation. What matters isn’t just the “total amount of water” but the “recycling rate” — whether the 98% water recycling rate achieved on the ISS can be maintained across a sprawling lunar living space is the biggest source of uncertainty. It’s easy to overlook that even a slight drop in the recycling rate cuts the time to depletion by more than half. The thread also noted that the 1-billion-ton assumption itself may be off by a factor of roughly 30 according to recent observations, underscoring how much the conclusion depends on the starting assumptions. Discussion in the thread split between skepticism about whether a million-person city is even necessary in scale, and pointers toward other constraints — like gravity and effects on the human body — being more serious, highlighting that water isn’t the only barrier to lunar settlement.

*This article is excerpted and summarized from the 5channel (Science News+) thread “[Space Development] You Can’t Build a Million-Person City on the Moon: What an Estimate Showing Depletion in 100 Years — Even With 1 Billion Tons of Water — Really Means.”

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